Thursday, April 30, 2009

telomere 9.tel.003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

A new experiment suggests that the enzyme telomerase can extend the lifespan of mice by about 26 percent.

Some cells can keep dividing forever, essentially becoming immortal thanks in part to telomerase. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire But evidence for whether this enzyme affects aging and longevity in larger organisms such as people has been muddled and contradictory.

While the enzyme enables cells to keep dividing, it also takes cells one step closer to growing and proliferating out of control — that is, becoming cancerous. Lab animals with extra genes for telomerase often die young from tumors.

Reporting in the Nov. 14 Cell, researchers in Spain engineered mice to have not only an extra copy of the gene for telomerase, but also extra antitumor genes to combat the enzyme’s cancer-causing potential. In the altered mice, signs of aging such as poor coordination or degraded tissue health were delayed compared to mice that had only the extra copies of anti-tumor genes, the team reports.

“These observations demonstrate the anti-aging effects of telomerase in ... living organisms,” Maria Blasco of the Molecular Oncology Program at the Spanish National Cancer Research Center in Madrid and her colleagues write in the report.

Telomerase lengthens telomeres — the “caps” on the end of chromosomes that protect DNA from damage. Like burning fuses, telomeres normally get shorter each time that most body cells divide. After a certain number of divisions, the telomeres in the daughter cells become too short and the chromosomes start to degrade, thus preventing the cells from dividing any further. So this shortening of telomeres places a limit on the number of times that most body cells can divide, the so-called Hayflick limit.

Telomerase enables the cell to divide indefinitely by adding back the bit of telomere lost during each cell division, essentially keeping the fuse from burning. Previous research has shown that adding an active copy of the telomerase gene to human cells causes those cells to surpass the Hayflick limit and apparently divide without end. But people with longer telomeres don’t necessarily live any longer than people with short telomeres do, so evidence for a link with lifespan has been fuzzy.

Leonard Hayflick, the biogerontologist who in 1961 discovered the limit on cell division that bears his name, says he agrees that the new research shows that telomerase can affect longevity in mice. But he doubts the scientists’ claim that the enzyme affects the actual rate of aging.http://Louis1J1Sheehan1Esquire.us

The problem, Hayflick says, is how to measure that rate. Blasco’s team tested a series of traits that might be thought of as associated with aging: whether the mice had enough coordination to walk across a rope, the health of the mice’s skin and small intestines, the mice’s sensitivity to insulin and glucose, concentrations of insulinlike growth factor-1 in the blood and, of course, average telomere length. In each of these cases, mice with the extra telomerase gene performed more like youthful mice than those with only the anti-tumor genes. But these tests may or may not reflect the actual rate of aging, Hayflick says.

“They’re about as bad as looking at gray hair,” says Hayflick, who is a professor of anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine. “Look at me. I’m 80 years old and my hair’s still black.”

A lack of reliable, agreed-upon ways to measure the rate of aging is a problem for the whole field of aging research, Hayflick says, not just for this study.

Longevity — how long an animal lives — is less ambiguous. While the question still is not settled, Hayflick says, “A strengthening case has been made on the role of telomeres in affecting longevity.”

Wednesday, April 29, 2009

Reptillian 8.rep.992 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

The Demetabolization of Humanity: If Not Now, When?



Lou Sheehan
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology



ABSTRACT
Humanity has great reproductive potential vis-à-vis other members of the Zetan species. Additionally, Humanity has significantly superior intellectual capacity vis-à-vis almost all intelligent species in the Galaxy. However, Humanity’s irrationality is dysfunctional and can be exploited as a terminal weakness in the Galactic power struggle.



Background

Zeta Reticuli is a system comprised of two stars both of which are about 1 billion years older than the Earth’s sun. Zeti Reticuli is 39.2 light years from Earth and Zeta I is approximately one-eight of a light year from Zeta II (Friedman, 2008).
In 1947, two Zeta Reticulan I Ovoid-Class extraterrestrial lenticular-shaped aerodyne craft collided while on an observance-only mission over the atomic testing grounds in the State of New Mexico, USA, Earth (Friedman, 2008). Radar film and tower logs from American Holloman Air Force Base reflected the merger of three objects prior to collision and subsequent crashes with the third object believed to be an unrecovered test balloon (Majestic Twelve Project, 1952). The two Ovoid-Class craft experienced non-planned ground contact at two dispersed sites in New Mexico. Four Zeta Reticulan I bodies were recovered, three of which were unevacuated in a damaged escape cylinder and one of which was found several yards from the cylinder (Majestic Twelve Project, 1952). Three of the four were nonmetabolic and badly decomposed as a result of exposure and assumed predatory action. The fourth – the evacuated body – became nonmetabolic within the first hour of the American Army Air Force recovery operation (Briefing Document, 1952).
Years of intensive Human study of the retrieved components of the two Ovoid-class craft seeded numerous Human technological advances. Within decades of the recovery, the reverse engineering of recovered components led to the fruition, as examples, of fiber optics, integrated circuits, lasers, Kevlar and accelerated particle beam devices (Corso, 1997).
In 2021, Human scientists at the Furey Institute, Harrisburg University, fully replicated a functioning Ovoid-class power source (Cheng, 2022). The reactor was fueled with Element 114 in a closed system. Fueling was the initial step in the provision of amplified Gravity-✜ and Magnetic-✜ waves allowing Knaubian travel (http://www.boblazar.com).
The reactor bombarded Element 114 with hydrogen protons using a microparticle accelerator. The hydrogen protons fused into the Element 114 nucleus creating the misnamed “radioactive” form of Element 115 (“R-115”). The almost simultaneous decay of R-115 produced one particle of Anti-Hydrogen, a form of antimatter, as well as a large number of neutrinos. The flux of Anti-Hydrogen particles produced in the reactor were channeled through an evacuated tuned tube within a flowing stream of neutrinos where it was reacted with plasma in a Naccian Annihilation Reaction. This Annihilation Reaction released/exposed the inherent Subquarkian gravitational and magnetic forces of the reacting R-115 and, further, amplified the Gravity-✜ and Magnetic-✜ waves as a result of the “Island of Stability” properties of element 114 (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3313/02.html).
The generation of the Hyper-Gravity-Magnetic-Gate theoretically allowed the craft to “fall” through space to its targeted (a.k.a. “attracted”) position at theoretical “speeds” of up to 1,000 times the speed of light (“1000-c”). However, the inefficiencies of the Human constructed “Model A.X” restricted Knaubian travel to speeds of under 12-c.
With the Human National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s successful test of the first Human interplanetary flight in the Schiavelli Program (the first manned extra-Earth program after the suspension of the Apollo Program), overt and nonconcealable Zeta Reticulan contact was initiated in compliance with Zeta Reticulan Containment Policy: Earth (Pyramid 0099742.7760.04, -65,778,912).
The Zetan Founders evolved on a planet orbiting Zeta I Reticuli and populated a Zeta II Reticulan planet with a domestically genetically altered species version – to accommodate different environmental conditions – of their species. Subsequently, on Earth the Founders attempted to genetically modify a native species of simians to approximate the Founders’ appearance and abilities in the context of yet another divergent environment. As represented in many artistic representations as well as written and oral traditions, Humanity has a long record of the Founders’ involvement with Humans (Von Daniken, 1970). Yet, consistent with Human behavior, all such involvement was officially denied and actively concealed.

Rorschach Analysis for Psychological Operations
This paper’s analysis builds upon the previous research performed by agent Gregorius of Rome in Human year 590. Agent Gregorius’ report lists the following seven fundamental human weaknesses: gluttony, greed, lust, envy, wrath, pride and sloth (Gregorius, 590).
Your humble agent has uncovered the following Human Directive relating to the above-mentioned Ovoid-class crash categorized as “TOP SECRET – RESTRICTED” and herewith uses it as a succinct instrument for evidencing the current state of the Human mind as well as ongoing Human psychological weaknesses.
The Human decision in 1947 to conceal the New Mexican crashes was premised on the following rationales (Lt. Gen. Nathan F. Twining Mission Assessment, 1947) :
a. Public trust of the political institutions might be eroded and possibly held in disrepute.
b. A complete re-evaluation might take place among institutions of higher learning, thus calling into question the certainty of scientific knowledge.
c. The ability of the Armed Forces to ensure National Security might be put in jeopardy and possibly lead to public fear and disorder.
d. History and religion in the political context would probably suffer the most damage causing unprecedented upheaval in social and psychological well-being.
e. Political repercussions might occur in our diplomatic efforts of containing the Communist threat to our democratic interests.
f. If such an announcement was made by the current Administration, it could be perceived by the opposing party as a trick, laying open the possibility of unethical posturing and manipulation of the public’s mind.
How prescient and revealing was Lt. General Twining’s 1947 Assessment?

Public trust of the political institutions might be eroded and possibly held in disrepute.

In fact, public trust in Human/American institutions rapidly deteriorated subsequent to 1947 in the contexts of Vietnam, Watergate, Operation Desert Freedom, Bailoutgate, FDAgate, EPAgate, and NSAgate. Nevertheless, the United States remained a distinct and sovereign entity until a few years after “First Contact.” As is evident from numerous meta-analyses of Human nature, Twining’s peers’ decision to cloak their own short-run interests as equating to Humanity’s best interests for the simple purpose of maintaining the current economic inequalities led to the collapse of Human political organization (Marx, 2029). In sum, the Human impulse toward gluttony distorts Human rationality and results in foreseeable periods of extreme intra-species destruction.

A complete re-evaluation might take place among institutions of higher learning, thus calling into question the certainty of scientific knowledge.

Perhaps the greatest strength of the Human branch of the Zetan species is its ability to comfortably live with intellectual ambiguity (Brooks, 2008). If properly channeled, the phenomena of “Selective Consciousness” and “Fuzzy Logic” augurs well for the Zetan races for purposes of any future war with the Reptillian Co-Prosperity Sphere. However, the Human Achilles’ Heel is rooted in the same phenomena and exposes the Zetan Confederacy to multiple dangers. Indeed, these phenomena led directly to both Humanity’s relatively rapid technological advancement (Meek, 2023) but also to the massive population losses – estimated to be nearly 45% of all Humans who lived past the age of one (0.06793 Zetan I, 0.00044701 Reptilloid) solar year – caused by intra-species greed (Simcox, 2029).

The ability of the Armed Forces to ensure National Security might be put in jeopardy and possibly lead to public fear and disorder.

The Human Social War (2024 – 2028) had the effect of reducing the Human population from approximately 11 billion to under one billion. Nevertheless, in comparison with the Zeta I population of approximately 4,000 and the Zeta II population of approximately 850, the Earth branch of the Zeta species -- having the capacity for incessant lust and therefore the desire for rapid reproduction -- has experienced only a short period of disorder and, by their standards, small population loss (Wagner, 2029). Analyses of the causes of the Social War point not to fear relating to insecurity but, rather, to individual desire to have -- i.e., envy for -- the material objects possessed by other Humans (Olivetti, 2031). Once again, the only conclusion possible is that Human leadership employed misleading rhetoric so as to manipulate and thus retain control over Humanity over the short-run. Of course, the rest of Humanity compliantly remained delusional.

History and religion in the political context would probably suffer the most damage causing unprecedented upheaval in social and psychological well-being.

Given inherent Human intellectual plasticity and the historical evidence, Lt. General Twining’s fourth contention is laughable to the Reptillian mind. As one example, within months of First Contact the major Human religious texts had all been reinterpreted – each, in turn, in numerous ways -- to accommodate First Contact as well as other follow-on facts relating to same. More, Zeta’s own truth traditions, i.e., “Shokesiansanity,” gained Human adherents and, not surprisingly, several antagonistic and wrathful Human groups developed with differing interpretations of that Faith (Sagan, 2031)!



Political repercussions might occur in our diplomatic efforts of containing the Communist threat to our democratic interests.

This self-serving supposition was not relevant at the time of First Contact as this particular competing subset of Humans – i.e., “Communists” – had been incorporated into a rival, i.e., the proud American, system of economic exchange in less than 50 Earth years after First Contact (Gibbons, 2012). Evidenced, once again, is the lack of correlation between Human “reasoning” and reality; what other intelligent species cannot plan 50 years in advance? The Zetan-Human subspecies is not inclined to connect in-puts and out-puts.

If such an announcement was made by the current Administration, it could be perceived by the opposing party as a trick, laying open the possibility of unethical posturing and manipulation of the public’s mind.

Ironically, of course, to avoid overly disruptive intra-leadership competition, Human leadership determined it was appropriate to adopt a unified leadership policy of tricking Humanity by adopting unethical postures and to otherwise manipulate the public’s mind in conjunction with the assumption that the historical pattern of sloth would guarantee Humanity’s unquestioning acceptance of the leadership’s pronouncements (Adams, 2024). In lieu of reality, the leadership chose to focus Humanity’s attention on reproduction (Massengale, 2029).

Conclusion

Humanity has enormous intellectual and reproductive capacities. Concurrent with these gifts, however, is a profound irrationality. Your humble agent concludes that proper utilization of Human weaknesses will not only negate Human advantages but will, further, allow the Reptillian Co-Prosperity Sphere to undermine what, if any, intellectual advantages the Founding Zetans have. At a minimum, we should continue to situate the Humans as if they are in Cosmic Kindergarten, i.e., requiring tremendous amounts of the Founder’s time for supervision.
To avoid Humanity’s ever-increasing ability to detect our presence, it is recommended that our installations on both the Earth’s Moon and on Mars be removed. Additionally, we should continue to both randomly distribute gold to Humans and, further, target the distribution of gold to violent Human organizations.
All of the evidence suggests that Humanity has not been able to overcome its flaws during the past 1,500 Human years. At this juncture, the Reptillian Co-Prosperity Sphere should have little trouble exploiting the seven significant Human weaknesses and thus stymie the Zetan Confederacy’s gambit for rapid expansion. Further, given its inherent abilities, unpredictabilities, and contradictions, it is recommended that Humanity be eliminated proximate to the elimination of the populations on Zeta I and Zeta II as a precautionary measure for our future eggs’ sakes even if it means such operations require the elimination of the Earth habitat.
Subsequently, and assuming the destruction of Earth’s habitat, Earth may still be used as a base in our expanding Galactic Transportation System, as a source of heavier minerals and water, and as an encampment for prisoners of war (if any).












References


Adams, N. (2024). Look It Up Yourself! Harrisburg University: Illiteracy Project.

Bates, H. (1940, October), Farewell to the Master. Astounding Science Fiction

Magazine.

Briefing Document. (1952). Operation Majestic 12 Prepared for President-Elect

Dwight D. Eisenhower. (Project Operations Group, White House.)

Washington, DC: White House.

Brooks, M. (2008). 13 Things That Don’t Make Sense. New York: Doubleday.

Cheng, N. (2022). My Life as a Rocket Scientist. Shanghai: Run-ooooon Books.

Cinup War. (n.d.) In Zetapedia. Retrieved April 24, 2039, from

http://zeta.en.zetapedia.org/wiki/Cinup_War

Corso, P. (1997). The Day After Roswell. New York: Pocket Books.

Element 115. (n.d.). Bob Lazar. Retrieved April 23, 2039, from

http://www.boblazar.com

Friedman, S. (2008). Flying Saucers and Science. New Jersey: New Page Books.

Gibbons, E. (2012). Decline and Fall of the Communist Empire. Moscow: Rasputin

Disappearing Ink, Inc.

Gregorius, R. (590). Operation Hannibal Barca. Tikal: Geico Office of Records.

Island of Stability. (September, 2006). Nova scienceNOW. Retrieved April 24, 2039,
from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3313/02.html





Lt. Gen. Nathan F. Twining Mission Assessment. (1947). Recovered Lenticular

Aerodyne Objects and Implications. (Project Operations Group, White

House.) Washington, DC: White House.

Majestic Twelve Project. (1952). First Annual Report. (Project Operations Group,

White House.) Washington, DC: White House.

Marx, C. (2029). Menschlich Beschaffenheit Weltanschauung. Berlin: Econ-Verlag,

GmbH.

Massengale, R. (2029). Look Over There! Chicago: Playboy Press.

Meek, P. (2023). The Point Is: Was Cartman Right? Tahiti: South Park Press.

Olivetti, J. (2031). The Social Wars Decoded. Antigua: Partyland Publications.

Pyramid 0099742.7760.04. (-65,778,912). Containment Policy: Earth. Akenhaten:

Central Office of Records.

Pyramid 3301003.0020.54. (1947). Student Handpyramid. Akenhaten: Central

Office of Records.

Radioactive Decay. (April 23, 2009.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 24, 2039, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay

Sagan, K. (2031). Humanity’s Gift: Spiritual Chaos. Jerusalem: Temple Scrolls.

Simcox, E. (2029). We’re Different. Ontario: Aboot Books.

Lt. Gen. Twining. (March 9, 2009). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 24, 2009, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Twining

Von Daniken, E. (1970). Chariots of the Gods? New York: Bantam Books, Inc.

Wagner, J. (2029). Piece It Together. Kalamazoo: Paperwork Press.

Saved at: Element115.doc http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN.US

Monday, April 13, 2009

scientists 8.sci.0034 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Scientists find a surprisingly clear connection between sleep and a healthy body: the regulation of sugar levels in the blood.

Three large genomic studies, all online December 7 in Nature Genetics, describe the first genetic link between sleep and type 2 diabetes, a disease marked by high blood sugar levels (SN: 1/3/09, p. 5). http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN-ESQUIRE.US The research places bodily rhythms, including the clock that sets human sleep cycles, squarely in the blood sugar business.

Melatonin is a major regulator of the body’s sleep clock, best known for its sleep-inducing properties. People with a single-letter change in the gene encoding a molecule that senses melatonin are more likely to develop diabetes, the studies show. One of the studies also showed that the sensing molecule, known to be expressed in the brain, also sits on the outside of insulin-producing pancreatic cells.

The results identify the melatonin system as a “fascinating new target” for diabetes treatments, says endocrinologist Leif Groop of Lund University in Malmö, Sweden, who coauthored two of the new reports. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire These data link two trends in the United States — rising diabetes rates and falling sleep levels.

Gene therapy restores limited vision in three people with an inherited form of blindness. Studies in mice indicate that other cells in the retina can take over for rod and cone cells.

Blind may see Gene therapy restores limited vision in three people with an inherited form of blindness. Studies in mice indicate that other cells in the retina can take over for rod and cone cells (SN: 5/24/08, p. 8).

Early signal Before symptoms appear, inflammation-promoting genes become active in immune cells in the brains of people at risk of developing bipolar disorder (SN: 4/12/08, p. 228).

Scary malaria The parasite that causes malaria is showing signs of thwarting top-line drugs called artemisinins (SN: 11/22/08, p. 9). But new reports show evidence that a vaccine still in the testing stage halves a child’s risk of getting malaria (SN: 1/3/09, p. 15).

Four months after his December 2006 hand transplant, David Savage’s partial sense of touch in the new right hand activated the same brain area that would have controlled his original right hand 35 years earlier. The photo at left was taken shortly after the transplant, while the photo at right was taken one year after the procedure.

Same brain map Months after receiving a right-hand transplant, a man displays a partial sense of touch in the new hand, activating the same brain areas that would have controlled his original hand (SN: 11/8/08, p. 18).

A-beta on the brain Comatose patients make more amyloid-beta — a substance that forms characteristic plaques in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients — as the patients’ brains heal from injury (SN Online: 8/28/08).

Dopamine and zzzz’s The brain chemical dopamine builds up in some parts of the brain when sleep is lost (SN: 9/13/08, p. 11). Dopamine also aids in learning and memory, but too much of the chemical can hinder performance (SN: 8/30/08, p. 8).

Newborn neurons (green, above) help mice build memories. Other research shows that antidepressants may help trigger neuron generation in the hippocampus.

New neuron insights Newborn neurons (green, above) help mice build memories. Other research shows that antidepressants may help trigger neuron generation in the hippocampus (SN: 9/27/08, p. 5).

Glass a day Cell tests suggest that resveratrol, the substance that seems to account for the healthful effects of red wine, may have antiobesity effects (SN Online: 6/16/08). Other research muddies the idea that resveratrol can mimic the life-extending effects of a calorie-restricted diet, suggesting that the compound improves health but doesn’t necessarily lengthen life in humans. And it also may indirectly harm the brain (SN: 8/2/08, p. 14). http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN-ESQUIRE.US

Statin ups and downs Older people taking cholesterol-lowering statin drugs seem less likely to develop dementia (SN Online: 7/28/08). A variant form of the gene SLCO1B1 may be responsible for muscle pain that statins sometimes cause (SN: 8/16/08, p. 9).

Astrocytes (purple) and neurons (green) in the visual cortex of a ferret. The cells contain dyes that allow researchers to track calcium levels. When neurons are active, astrocytes respond with increased calcium, which leads nearby capillaries to increase blood flow. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire This is a previously undiscovered role for astrocytes, once thought to only act as support cells for neurons. http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN-ESQUIRE.US

Rising stars Astrocytes, usually thought of as support cells, regulate blood flow in the brain and may aid neuron signaling (SN: 8/2/08, p. 5).

Foul play A natural genetic variation in a protein that processes testosterone could help some athletes beat drug tests and finger others for cheating even when they play it clean (SN: 3/29/08, p. 195).

Not benign Dutch researchers advise physicians to avoid prescribing probiotics to patients with pancreatitis after a study finds the treatment triples the death rate in treated patients (SN: 2/23/08, p. 115).Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

A new drug can, with other therapies, suppress the most drug-resistant strains of the virus.

HIV updates Early HIV treatment can increase a patient’s survival chances (SN Online: 10/27/08). A new drug can, with other therapies, suppress the most drug-resistant strains of the virus (SN Online: 7/23/08). And clinics in Africa experience long lines for discounted or free male circumcision as word spreads that the operation provides partial protection against HIV (SN: 1/3/09, p. 14).

Out of sync Teenage female athletes’ temporary loss of menstrual periods coincides with a hormone imbalance. The find may help identify those people who are prone to developing the condition (SN: 7/19/08, p. 9).

Friday, April 10, 2009

mouse 4.mou.002 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

In a virtual setting where fifth-graders become wizards and athletes, and even change sexes, preteens stay true to their real-world selves. Classic sex differences in play preferences, characterized by rough-and-tumble games among boys and intimate conversations among girls, still exist after youngsters adopt a range of personas for virtual encounters, investigators find. http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN.ORG



Boys who create girl avatars — or computerized altar egos — and girls who create boy avatars still behave consistently with their biological sex, say psychologist Sandra Calvert of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and her colleagues.

In their new study, published online February 20 in the Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, about 13 percent of fifth-graders chose opposite-sex avatars, a practice the researchers call gender-bending. Pairs of kids — all of whom knew each other — experimented more with avatar identities than pairs of unfamiliar children did in a similar, 2003 study led by Calvert. Same-sex pairs showed this pattern most strongly.

As fifth-graders learned to construct avatars and use these characters to interact with others in a multi-user domain, or MUD, experimentation with avatar costumes, sexes and names increased sharply. But as in real-world play, MUD play centered on self-exploration rather than self-alteration, Calvert asserts.

Boys and girls who knew each other often had difficulty playing together as avatars, she adds. Many boys wanted to play action-oriented games, while girls pressed for written conversations. That pattern reflects preteens’ preferences for playing in same-sex groups.

“MUDs can provide a virtual play space for preadolescent children to discover who they are, as well as a 21st century place to interact with friends,” she says.

Boys and girls in all cultures tend to differ in their play styles, remarks psychologist David Bjorklund of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. “What’s impressive is that these behavioral styles extend to the virtual world,” he says.

Infrequent gender-bending observed in the new study supports the idea that young people typically view online worlds, from MUDS to blogs, as places to deal with real-life concerns, comments psychologist Kaveri Subrahmanyam of California State University, Los Angeles.

“People don’t go online to leave their bodies behind and find new selves, but instead seem to be taking their offline selves, including their biological selves, with them,” she says.

Calvert’s team studied 126 fifth-graders, most ages 10 and 11, randomly selected from five schools and a boys and girls club in the Washington, D.C., area. Participants included 61 boys and 65 girls. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Pairs of children who knew each other entered a room where they used laptop computers to play in a MUD.

Each child first chose a name, a sex and a costume — wizard, firefighter, soccer player, regular kid in a T-shirt and jeans or punk kid in a leather jacket — for his or her avatar. Pairs then interacted using avatars for two 10-minute sessions, separated by a brief rest period.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Children used a computer mouse to move their avatars, alter avatars’ facial expressions and body postures and switch among six background scenes. Kids typed messages to each other that appeared in speech bubbles above avatars’ heads. http://LOUIS-J-SHEEHAN.ORG



In her 2003 study of 84 preteens who didn’t know one another, Calvert found that only two boys created girl avatars and no girls chose boy avatars. In the new study, 21 girls and 11 boys engaged in gender-bending.